Working in the 19th century essays

Working in the 19th century essays Working in the late nineteenth century Late in the nineteenth century, as the United States was recovering from the devastating effects of the civil war, poverty and famine began to strike the people of the country (pg 25). Financial panic sparked the beginning of a severe depression and the people grew restless as wages were being cut and the work place became more unsuitable for safe work (pg 25). Even though wages were almost too low to make ends meet, the rapid growth of immigration and the increase of unemployment gave the industry owners the opportunity to submit its workers to unfit workplaces and low wages. There were many effects of the industrial revolution, but weather the conditions were improving or getting worse depended on the perspective and position of the individual. The economic situations of the general population were improving, but still not comparable to the standards of today. Testimony of Workmen gave good sources on what the average worker thought about their job in that era. The bias in the testimony is most workers always feel they are worth more then the credit given to them. Another valuable source was Earnings, Expenses and Conditions of Workingmen and Their Families. Although this seems to be a great source of information on the time period about the money situation of the common worker, information could be questionable because they would like an appearance everything is good in order to maintain their power. Life was improving for most educated families backed by unions, but families lacking education and means to communicate due to immigration halted the ability to adapt and grow as hastily as the rest of the society. Since most immigrants were unable to communicate and understand the predominant language of the society, they did not have the opportunity to seek education due to lack of teachings in their native tongue. Plagued by no education, and no backing...

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration The elephant toothpaste chemistry demonstration is a dramatic demo which produces copious amounts of steaming foam that sort of looks like the toothpaste an elephant might use. Heres how to set up this demonstration and a look at the reaction behind it. Elephant Toothpaste Materials The chemical reaction in this demonstration is between the hydrogen peroxide and the potassium iodide solution. The detergent captures the gases to make bubbles. Note the hydrogen peroxide solution is much more concentrated than the kind you can buy at a pharmacy. You can find 30 percent peroxide at a beauty supply store, science supply store, or online. 50-100 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutionSaturated potassium iodide (KI) solutionLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring500 mL graduated cylinderSplint (optional) Safety Wear disposable gloves and safety glasses. Oxygen is evolved in this reaction, so do not perform this demonstration near an open flame. Also, the reaction is exothermic, producing a fair amount of heat, so do not lean over the graduated cylinder when the solutions are mixed. Leave your gloves on following the demonstration to aid with cleanup. The solution and foam may be rinsed down the drain with water. Elephant Toothpaste Procedure Put on gloves and safety glasses. The iodine from the reaction may stain surfaces so you might want to cover your workspace with an open garbage bag or a layer of paper towels.Pour ~50 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into the graduated cylinder.Squirt in a little dishwashing detergent and swirl it around.You can place 5-10 drops of food coloring along the wall of the cylinder to make the foam resemble striped toothpaste.Add ~10 mL of potassium iodide solution. Do not lean over the cylinder when you do this, as the reaction is very vigorous and you may get splashed or possibly burned by steam.You may touch a glowing splint to the foam to relight it, indicating the presence of oxygen. Variations of the Elephant Toothpaste Demonstration You can add 5 grams of starch to the hydrogen peroxide. When the potassium iodide is added, the resulting foam will have light and dark patches from the reaction of some of the starch to form triiodide.You can use yeast instead of potassium iodide. Foam is produced more slowly, but you can add a fluorescent dye to this reaction to produce elephant toothpaste that will glow very brightly under a black light.You can color the demonstration and make it into an Elephant Toothpaste Christmas Tree for the holidays.There is also a kid-friendly version of the elephant toothpaste demo that is safe for hands. Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) O2(g) However, the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalyzed by the iodide ion. H2O2(aq) I-(aq) → OI-(aq) H2O(l) H2O2(aq) OI-(aq) → I-(aq) H2O(l) O2(g) The dishwashing detergent captures the oxygen as bubbles. Food coloring can color the foam. The heat from this exothermic reaction is such that the foam may steam. If the demonstration is performed using a plastic bottle, you can expect slight distortion of the bottle from the heat. Elephant Toothpaste Experiment Fast Facts Materials 30% Hydrogen PeroxideConcentrated potassium iodide solution OR packet of dry yeastLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring (optional)Starch (optional) Concepts Illustrated This demonstration illustrates exothermic reactions, chemical changes, catalysis, and decomposition reactions. Usually the demo is performed less to discuss the chemistry and more to raise interest in chemistry. It is one of the easiest and most dramatic chemistry demonstrations available. Time Required The reaction is instantaneous. Set-up can be completed in under half an hour. Level The demonstration is suitable for all age groups, particularly to raise interest in science and chemical reactions. Because the hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer and because heat is generated by the reaction, the demonstration is best performed by a science teacher with chemical experience. It should not be performed by unsupervised children.

The Secret Garden Party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Secret Garden Party - Research Paper Example On the other hand, findings of the study can be used by the company to recruitment of new visitors as well as monetising the involvement of interested consumers that do not physically, attend the festival. Before going to the main discussion, the study will try to understand background of the company. Background- Secret Garden Party Secret Garden party is an arts and music festival that is held annually in the last week of July. The program is conducted in Abbots Ripton which is nearby Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Fred Fellowes was the man who had established this alternative music festival program. In its inception or inaugural, the program was attended by a meagre thousand visitors in 2004. By 2013, the program was conducted in four stages and was viewed by almost a massive audience of thirty-two thousands. The organization follows the motto of ‘principle of participation’ in expanding the scope of its programs (Weinstock, 2010). Brand development process Secret Garden party can be explained by using Aaker’s (2011) brand categorization model. Considering the research work of Aaker (2011), it can be said that Secret Garden party categorized its service offering in terms of vividness, subject diversity and wide range of entertainment options. According to Aaker (2011), firms can develop superc ategory in the mind of customers by adding niche quotient in the positioning statement. Secret Garden Party also established separate brand positioning by engaging wide range of performances, action camps, variety of performers and art installations etc (Weinstock, 2010). ... External Environmental Analysis In this section, the researcher will analyze external environment for Secret Garden party with the help of PESTLE, competitor analysis and porter’s five forces while internal environment can be analyzed with the help of SWOT analysis. PESTLE Political The government of U.K. is supporting music and entertainment industry of the country by providing them tax benefits; legal support etc and these steps have been taken by the government to boost the competences of the American cultural and tourism industry sectors (Arnold, 2008). Therefore, it can be said that music festival organizing companies in UK have the opportunity to expand its business in politically supportive environment. Economical A national music and arts festival conducted is included in the nation’s tourism and cultural industry. It is found that the festival market has expanded in U.K., both in terms of scale and scope of its operations. The extent of competition in the festi val market in U.K. has substantially increased. Nurse (2004) also found that UK economy is characterized by strong economic growth and stable per capita income. Rise of participants’ numbers in music festivals of Secret Productions is also supporting the fact that certain segment of customers of UK has the sufficient disposable income to afford fees of music festival organized by entertainment companies. Social The social impact created by an event of entertainment is directly proportional to the scale and the size of the event. Figure 1: Social Impact of Event Management Programs (Source: Nurse, 2004) Consideration of research works reveals the fact that Hutchens

Sociology and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology and Power - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. The Howard County Department of Police is located in Ellicott City, Maryland. The Office of Sheriff in this police department is responsible for enforcing all federal, state, county, and municipal ordinances within the county. Included in these duties are the investigations of theft, vandalisms, assaults, illegal drug activity, reported child and or domestic abuse, as well as all other criminal allegations. Also, the sheriff is required to carry out all duties relating to the involuntary hospitalization of persons with mental illness and duties relating to condemnation of private property. The power elite theory claims that a single elite, as opposed to a multiplicity of competing groups, decides the life-and-death issues for the nation as a whole. First coined by C. Wright Mills in his 1956 book, The Power Elite, the term, in political and sociological theory, is a small group o people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth, and privilege and access to decision-making of global consequence.

The Psychosocial Difficulties of Parents of Young Children Essay Example for Free

The Psychosocial Difficulties of Parents of Young Children Essay Introduction A disability is a permanent condition that makes it difficult for a person to do something important in everyday life.   People who have such conditions are said to be disabled.   For example, people who are deaf cannot hear, they have difficulty on understanding on what other people say.   People who are blind have difficulty in seeing the world around them and in reading print.   Physically disabled people have difficulty in moving about.   Mentally retarded people are limited in their ability to learn abstract ideas. Emotionally disturbed people have difficulty controlling their emotions (Pearson, 2006).   A disability is a condition or function judged to be significantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual of their group.   The term is often used to refer to individual functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. This usage has been described by some disabled people as being associated with a medical model of disability. How adults express their emotions will influence the reactions of children and youth.   Further, children with disabilities (e.g., emotional, cognitive, physical, etc.) will react to the trauma and stress based on their past experience and awareness of the current situation.   Caregivers and school personnel who know a child well can best predict his or her reactions and behaviours because they have observed the child’s response to stress in the past. Review of related Literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eighty percent of all people with disabilities live in developing countries. And in these countries there is a shortage of doctors, clinics, and rehabilitation facilities.   Children and young people with disabilities frequently live in poverty.   Many suffer from social exclusion and prejudices.   Parents should be responsible of the primary concerns of the early childhood of their children with disabilities foster love, special attention and works to make them accepted in the society (Bowe, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The global number of people with disabilities is on the rise.   This is due, on the one hand, to improved medical care.   Even with a disability, a person today can lead a long and fulfilled life if they enjoy the benefits of a good healthcare system.   In developing countries, however, there is no adequate healthcare provision. Children suffer from hunger, have no access to clean water, get illnesses which have either been eradicated in the industrial countries or which can be easily cured.   All these deplorable conditions inhibit the development of children and can lead to disabilities.   According to The Child Right Information Network, 97 percent of children with disabilities in developing countries receive no rehabilitation and 98 percent receive no school education suited to their needs (Pearson 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expanding health insurance coverage for children is a major thrust of recent health care policy. In 1997, for example, Congress enacted the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), a federal initiative to improve children’s health by increasing access to health care for children in low-income families.   Because of its low- income focus, assessing the potential effectiveness of SCHIP in improving children’s health requires a look at health care needs and how they relate to family income (Shakespeare, 2003). Children with disabilities generally have specific â€Å"triggers†Ã¢â‚¬â€words, images, sounds, etc. that signal danger or disruption to their feelings of safety and security.   Again, these are specific to each child but come from past experiences, association with traumas, seeing fear in adults, etc. Children tend to develop their own â€Å"cues† in response to these trigger events, warning signals that adults can â€Å"read† to understand that the child is having difficulty.   These cues may include facial expressions or nervous tics, changes in speech patterns, sweating, feeling ill, becoming quiet or withdrawn, complaining or getting irritable, exhibiting a fear or avoidance response, etc (Pearson, 2006). When adults anticipate these triggers or observe these cues, they should provide assurance, support and attention as quickly as possible.   If adults miss these cues, children may escalate their behaviour to a point where they completely lose control.   If this occurs, adults need to remove the child to the safest place available, allow the child to calm down, and then talk to the child about the triggering fears or situation. Because parents and teachers see children in different situations, it is essential that they work together to share information about triggers and cues. This is best done on a regular basis, such as during the IEP meeting or a periodic review meeting, rather than in response to a crisis. However, when a crisis occurs, parents, case managers and others who work with the child should meet to briefly discuss specific concerns and how to best address the child’s needs in the current situation (John stone, 2001). In the context of prevention and the development of effective IEPs, some children need specific training and interventions to help them to develop self-control and self-management skills and strategies.   During the teaching process, these skills and strategies should be taught so they can be demonstrated successfully under stressful conditions (e.g., school crises, terrorism, and tornado) so that children can respond appropriately and effectively.   Adults should still expect that children will demonstrate their self-control skills with less efficiency when confronted by highly unusual or stressful situations (Johnstone, 2001).   Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The medical model is presented as viewing disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at cure, or the individual’s adjustment and behavioural change that would lead to an almost-cure or effective cure. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy. The social model of disability sees the issue of disability mainly as a socially created problem, and basically as a matter of the full integration of individuals into society (see Inclusion (disability rights)). In this model disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. Hence, in this model, the management of the problem requires social action, and thus, it is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life. The issue is both cultural and ideological, requiring individual, community, and large-scale social change. Viewed from this perspective equal access for people with impairment/disability is a human rights issue of major concern. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analysis reported here contributes to such an examination by focusing on the needs of a particular group of children children with disabilities. This focus is important for three reasons. First, children with disabilities typically use more health services than their non-disabled peers. Second, not receiving services they need is likely to affect children with disabilities more than other children. Third, the services used by children with disabilities are among the most costly health-related services children use. To sharpen the focus on the differential need of children with disabilities, this paper focuses on a subset of health-related services that are used almost exclusively by children with disabilities supportive services. The basic finding is that policies focused on low-income children will reach the majority of children with disabilities who have unmet supportive service needs. These needs range widely across types of services, however, making the effectiveness of public health insurance policies in reaching these children dependent also on how comprehensive the service coverage is. Results As parents of children with special needs it is very important to understand your role as a parental advocate for your children.   An advocate is one who pleads the cause of another and who defends or maintains a cause or proposal. Parental advocacy includes efforts to:1).Have all of the needs of target child met: 2.)   Keep current about the latest advances, technology, and research innovations regarding childrens disability, treatment, protocols, and potential; 3.)Get the best care and services available for children with special needs; 4.). Monitor all services, professionals, and programs offered to target children 5.)Create a team approach with those involved in target childrens lives and care; 6.)Have target children served in a least restrictive environment;7.)Expose target children to as normal a lifestyles as possible   8. ) Assist target children in reaching their highest potential; 9.)Stimulate community concern and establish new services to fill in the gaps for target childrens care; 10.)Ensure lifelong support, nurturing, and rehabilitation of target children. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff and parents must consider how children with special needs respond to any form of stress and anticipate these and more extreme reactions following a crisis. Strategies that have been effective with these students in the past are the best strategies to implement now, understanding that steps might need to be more concrete and consequences more immediate. Consider the triggers and cues for these students and anticipate rather than react—prepare students for changes in routines; allow time for discussion of the traumatic events in a safe and familiar setting; provide choices in activities to the extent feasible to give these students some sense of control over even a small part of their lives. Some students may need to be more protected or isolated to minimize distractions and sources of agitation during the height of a crisis, and adult supervision may need to be more intense for a while.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expect some regression (increase in problem behaviours) and deal with inappropriate behaviours calmly and consistently—it helps students to understand that despite a lot of other changes and disruptions, there are some constants in class and family rules and expectations, and that they can depend on their support network to be available. How adults express their emotions will influence the reactions of children and youth.   Further, children with disabilities (e.g., emotional, cognitive, physical, etc.) will react to the trauma and stress based on their past experience and awareness of the current situation. Caregivers and school personnel who know a child well can best predict his or her reactions and behaviours because they have observed the child’s response to stress in the past. Conclusion On the basis of characteristics of family resilience, the study examined the perspectives of parents of children with an intellectual, physical, or learning disability. Thirty-two parents were interviewed as to past, present, and the modes of coping. The questions examined various aspects of family ecology domains: parents responses to the childs diagnosis; patterns of adjustment; family support and services used by parents; and parents feelings and future expectations. Although, it was found that most parents had to make changes in their social life and expressed high levels of frustration and dissatisfaction, many try to maintain their routine life. The majority expressed the need for a strong belief in the child and in the childs future, an optimistic outlook, and a realistic view and acceptance of the disability. The study highlighted the importance of social resources and support, and the need for effective programs of intervention. References Bowe, Frank (2006) Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people, Harper Row, 1978 ISBN 0-06-010422-8 Encyclopedia of disability, general ed. Gary L. Albrecht, Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: SAGE Publ., 2005 Johnstone, David (2001) An Introduction to Disability Studies, 2nd edition, ISBN 1-85346-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   726-X Michael Oliver, The Politics of Disablement, St. Martins Press 1997, ISBN 0-333-43293-2 Pearson, Charlotte (2006) Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care, Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press, ISBN 1903765625 Shakespeare, Tom (2003) Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome, with Anne Kerr , New Clarion Press, 1999, ISBN 1-873797-25-7

1870-1880 Essay -- Essays Papers

1870-1880 During the 1870’s the United States experienced great changes with the end of the Civil War. America was going through a period called Reconstruction. Tensions were fairly high and an air of freedom was present throughout the nation. By 1877, it was obvious the United States was beginning to develop into a recognizably modern economic system of making, earning, spending, and living (Brown 60). In 1880, â€Å"over half of American workers worked on farms and only one in twenty worked on manufacturing† (Brown 59). Farmers outnumbered factory by a large number, but factories were still abundant. Child labor occurred after the Civil War as well. By 1872, more than 10,000 children were employed in Philadelphia’s industrial workplaces. That number was even larger in cities such as New York, and it increased as the years progressed (Brown 60). The decade of 1870-1880 consisted of many important issues in American history. Industrialization began to make to makes its way into the American colony. In 1870, the first transcontinental railroad trip in the United States took place. The transcontinental railroad brought America together. This made it easier for traveling and especially made it easier for the industries by being able to commute products back and forth. The transcontinental railroad was the best invention and had a great impact of life for the United States at this time. Another great event that happened for this country was the discovery of gold in 1874. The discovery of gold in the Dakota Territory brought thousands of gold diggers into the Black Hills reservation. Another very important invention that changed America was the telephone on March 10, 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell. This allowed Ameri... ...ccording to Perkins, although French and Russian realists and naturalists influenced James style, â€Å"in Contrast to the European naturalists whose tutelage he acknowledged, he rebelled against the materialistic interpretation of human destiny, and struggled with the problem of undeniable evil as desperately as Hawthorne, whom, among earlier Americans he most admired† (Perkins 1055). This shows that James was greatly influenced by Europeans, but he also has his added his own unique American style. One of James’ stories, â€Å"Daisy Miller," takes place in Switzerland. Throughout this story Europeans see America as being hostile and somewhat harsh. During the decade between 1870 and 1880 , the United States was once again beginning to rebuild the nation. This rebuilding or reconstruction not only affected attitudes, but it affected art and literature throughout the world.

The Philippine Local Fiscal Administration in a Decentralized Setup

Decentralization in the Philippines took three forms- devolution, deconcentration and delegation. As Carino affirms, the framers of the 1987 Constitution institutionalized decentralization with the end-view of realizing democracy and development especially at the grassroots level. Devolution paved way for the transfer of political power from the central government to the local government units.This transfer of power and functions was accompanied by the provision of a higher Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), broader tax base and a just share in the national wealth to finance devolved responsibilities and provision of various goods and services. This was accompanied by deconcentration which is the transfer of administrative powers and functions from central offices of government agencies to the field offices at the regional, provincial, and municipal/city level.In consonance with the concept that local government units are more responsive to the needs of their communities, deconcentrat ion was institutionalized vis-a- vis devolution as a means for national government agencies (NGAs) to provide assistance to LGUs by setting standards in the implementation of various programs and monitor the operation and services of the LGUs along the different socio-economic and political dimensions.Contrary to the past practices wherein the central government through the national government agencies (NGAs) exercises a degree of control in the implementation of programs at the LGU level, deconcentration aims to lessen, if not remove, the control from the national government and replace it with supervisory functions. Ideally, through deconcentration, NGAs set standards and supervise LGU’s provision of various services to the community (i. e. DOH and LGU health services).Decentralization in the Philippines also took the form of delegation, or what other author calls as â€Å"debureaucratization†. This was the result of the surmounting clamor for participatory governanc e and active citizenship during the ouster of the late President Ferdinand Marcos through the People’s Power Revolution and even prior to and after the said historic event. The author of the Consitution saw it fit, as a response to the call of the times, to put greater emphasis on the involvement of non- government organizations, people’s organizations, and the private sector in governance.In this way, democracy and development was believed to be realized when the voices of the marginalized, poor and other people aggrupations are heard and considered in decision-making at the different government level. In contrast to the experience of other countries, decentralization in the Philippines took a complete form. This may be attributed to the political atmosphere in the 1980’s- 1900’s conducive to decentralization and democratic form of government. Colombia deconcentrated its state services but placed a limit in the delegation and devolution of powers.Same ca n be said with the experiences of Mexico and Togo. The Philippines also has a legal framework conducive to democratic decentralization. Decentralization throbs in the Article X of the 1987 Constitution where the Congress is mandated to enact a Local Government Code which â€Å"shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization†. Countries like Spain and China lack this legal framework despite substantial decentralization.This means that decentralization in the Philippines possesses a degree of â€Å"permanency† that would ensure the continuity in LGUs’ exercise of devolved powers and functions. In the words of Katorobo, decentralization in the Philippines has a â€Å"more stable environment† (Katorobo, 2004). The system of decentralization in the country is also more responsive to the needs of the local community. Unlike the experiences of India, China and Russia where powers and functions were only devolved at the state and regional levels, decentralization in the Philippines reaches down to the basic unit of government, the barangays.Due to our country’s bent towards democracy, the Philippines has a â€Å"higher form of decentralization† as compared to other countries (Ibid. ). The central government has transferred more powers and functions to the local governments and has provided more avenues for civil society engagement in local governance. Role of Local Fiscal Administration in a Decentralized Setup The transfer of powers and functions to local government units (LGUs) necessitates the transfer and redistribution of financial resources. LGUs need sources and means to finance devolved services.Thus, the Local Government Code of 1991 provided LGUs with an increase in the IRA share, broader tax base, and a just share in the national wealth. The redistribution of financial resources is essential for LGUs to realize local development as more r esponsive services are provided to the community. Local fiscal administration plays an important role in the attainment of local development as well as in the attainment of national goals. LGUs have to maximize powers and functions particularly their taxing powers and other functions in line with revenue generation and resource allocation to hasten development at the local level.A good local fiscal administration is needed to realize inclusive growth and poverty reduction as outlined in the Philippine Development Plan 2011- 2016. Improvements in the different aspects of local fiscal administration- systems, structures, processes, officials and personnel, and policy environment- is a means for the local government to obtain higher income levels to finance local government operations and services intended to uplift living conditions in the communities.As stated in the Handbook of Local Fiscal Administration in the Philippines by Celestino, et. al. , these improvements may come in the form of new technology, good staffing patterns, adequate skills of personnel, heightened awareness of LGUs of available credit facilities, enhanced capacity of LGU for development planning, and the presence of political will among others.These contribute to increased LGU revenues and improved delivery of services to the community. Ultimately, poor living conditions and issues on human development (i. e.  health diseases, malnutrition, illiteracy, unemployment, underemployment, environmental degradation, etc. ) are addressed when LGUs are able to provide more than adequate services. Improvements along these areas have an intrinsic value to the society. A healthier and educated population is a way of eradicating poverty. Same is true with the provision and generation of jobs at the local level. Same can be said with efforts to protect and preserve ecological balance in any given community. These contribute to the achievement of inclusive growth and eradication of poverty.Local Fisca l Administration 20 Years after the Code’s Enactment A closer look at the 20- year Philippine experience of decentralization,however, shows that the country has succeeded only to a certain extent in its decentralization efforts. Llanto, in his discussion paper, â€Å"The Assignment of Functions and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the Philippines Twenty Years after Decentralization†, has observed that expenditure responsibilities with benefits confined within the territorial jurisdiction of local governments were correctly assigned to LGUs.By these, he means that the Code correctly devolved functions and responsibilities on social demands and concerns that LGUs are in the best positions to respond to. He also mentioned that the Code ensured a clear tax- expenditure assignment. Nonetheless, despite success stories on decentralization particularly on local fiscal autonomy, Llanto observed pressing issues that need to be addressed if the country has to succeed in its decentralization efforts. These issues are: 1. The conduct of regular local public expenditure review 2. The use of poverty index, human development index, or resource indicator instead of the equal sharing criteria. 3. The improvement of local tax administration. 4. The review and updating of local tax codes. 5. The institutionalization of a monitoring and reward system to recognize good local government performance in fiscal administration. 6. The avoidance of the imposition of unfunded mandates by the identification of source of funding apart from the coffers of the local government units 7. The alliance building/ resource pooling among LGUs for activities and services with inter-jurisdictional spillovers.There is still a lot of work to be done in our pursuit of successful decentralization and the attainment of local development. Legislators and other policy makers have to pause and seriously consider the issues which surfaced in our first 20 years of decentralization. I believe that if we are to make any progress, incremental steps have to be taken towards countering these issues and challenges. And there is no importune time than the present to start providing interventions to the multiple concerns that confront the Philippine decentralization system.

The Effects of Animal Cruelty and Abandonment

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, also known as the ASPIC, is another organization that serves to decrease animal abuse and enforce arrest towards careless pet owners. Among these organizations, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, PETA Is responsible for creating awareness and putting an end to animal cruelty. There are other ways an animal can be a victim of animal cruelty, without actually being harmed. Animal Hoarding, a practice of animal lovers, is ironically another related topic of animal cruelty.In some views, this is an attempt o save the animal, but many other views differ, saying this solution will only cause problems. Even though there are lots of organizations that help prevent animal cruelty and abandonment, there is still more that can be done.Animals should be loved and cherish, Instead of Ignored and neglected, How can this world wide crawls be solved? When animals are abandoned, they naturally begin to reproduce thousands of off spring, and because of this, baby animals roam and start to reproduce at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that more than 50 million cats and dogs live in happy homes in the US.On the contrary, over 50 million cats and dogs have been reported as neglected and abused. People are no longer willing to adopt animals. The population of animals and decreasing interest of owning pets has led to a huge number of animal overpopulation each year. Animal World Network explains that â€Å"For every human born, 7 puppies and kittens are born†¦ One female cat and her offspring can produce 420,000 cats in 7 years†¦ One female dog and her offspring can produce 67,000 puppies in 6 years. † One half of abandoned animals are taken into shelters and the other half are in the streets.About 61% of dogs and 75% f cats are bought to shelters and are killed because people do not adopt these animals In time. Due to the lack of education, shelter, financial and other resources, cats and dogs are first on the list to be housed In a shelter of the shortest amount of time and first on the list of animals to kill. The Humane Society is a worldwide organization supported by 11 million Americans which was founded in 1954. It is one of the best protection agencies for animals all over the world, raising over a million of dollars in order to create awareness to citizens.The mission of the Humane Society of he United States, HUGS Is to celebrate all breeds of animals and also to confront cruel TTY. HUGS states Tanat teen are â€Å"America's mainstream Torte gallant cruelty exploitation and neglect†. They confront these issues and provide animals with rescue facilities and clinics for them to get washed, fed and neutered. They are involved in and responsible for organizing meetings, marches, and forums in order to educate society about animal rescue and animal investigations.HUGS holds advertising campaigns to promote adoption for animals so that the nation knows wha t's going on and how they can help. HUGS partner with other associations to trench the message of their organization and create stronger ties with organization with similar missions. One program known as, â€Å"Humane Wildlife Services†, in the D. C metro area help homeowners and businesses with stopping violence towards animals. The Humane Wildlife Services help maintain valid solutions for problems concerning violent neighbors.HUGS strives to stop cruelty targeting â€Å"practices of dog fighting and cook fighting; abusive puppy mills†¦ Farming in†¦ Confinements of animal in crates and cages†¦ † HUGS does its best to protect all animals and they will continue this mission in confronting animal cruelty on a whole. Another organization that also helps stop animal cruelty is The American Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals known worldwide as the ASPIC. The ASPIC was established in North America in 1866 and still today they are here doing the best that they can offer.The This organization believes that animals should be treated fairly and has healthy environments. The ASPIC are the pioneers of all animal humane organizations, they continue to maintain legal authority to take charge in investigations and arrest criminals that treat animals poorly. The ASPIC claims that it is their mission to â€Å"provide local and national leadership†¦ Raring for pet parents and pets, providing positive outcomes for at – risk animals and serving victims of animal cruelty'.In other words, â€Å"animal cruelty is†¦ A serious issue†¦ N law enforcement and mental†. It is very important that people become involved and work to supply quick responses to these acts of criminal behavior. There is an organization like the Humane Society and ASPIC – People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, (PETA) is also involved in solving issues on animal cruelty. There was a lady named, â€Å"Ingrain E. Newsier, an autho r and co-founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, who put together essays y people who took the initiative and helped create change. She started PETA in 1980 in her Washington, D. C. Basement to offer people simple vegetarian options and alternatives to products from companies that used animals in research.The nonprofit has grown to 2. 5 million supporters -? the largest animal-rights organization in the world -? and has created a global shift in awareness about the plight of animals†. Petal's focus is primarily on animals suffering on farms, clothing trade areas, laboratories, and in industries around the world. To create aware of their cause, PETA works through education. Meetings are held around the world to raise awareness to many people.They visit schools to educate children and adults about their organization. They also work with â€Å"cruelty investigations, research, animal rescue, legislation, special events, and celebrity involvement, and protest camp aigns†. PETA exclaims that animals have a Voice' too and all they want is some love to be given towards them. PETA strives to encourage people to take action because it is up to us to make a change. A dichotomous act animal lovers experience is that of animal hoarding. How can animals be negatively affected by people that love to be care for needy animals?I Nils Issue NAS Eden Known to affect as many as u. Animal annually. An extreme case reported there over 800 pets living in one home. When there is see an elderly woman lady, for example, living with 15-20 pets, a problem arises because it is harmful toward those animals, being bunched up together. The are many reasons why animal hoarding is practiced by many people. One of the reasons is that a person experienced a traumatic situation, which induced stress, b living conditions, and tough health problems. A person is then in denial of their owe problems and they in turn look to have large amount of animals to conceal their ow e rife in their lives.Many animals are affected; not Just cats or dogs. Animals such a chickens, snakes, ferrets, birds, goats, rabbits, lizards and many more are affected b animal hoarding. Animal Legal Fund, an organization fighting to protect the lives of animals says that, â€Å"In terms of the number of animals affected and the degree and duration of their suffering, hoarding is the number one animal cruelty crisis facing companion animals in communities throughout the country. † These animals are living bunched up together with no proper equipment to sustain a healthy environment, the start to suffer from unsanitary conditions.In effect, these animals â€Å"are sick, dying and poorly socialized†. LADY listed ways to decrease the amount of animal hoarding in the world. The first strategy is the use of civil action in stopping animal hoarders and documents these cases as acts of cruelty towards animals. The second strategy is to stop animal hoarding by taxing the h oarder that is doing the crimes, instead of the local taxpayer. When animals are rescued from homes, bundles of them are confiscated and this makes it hard for local agencies and organizations to feed and comfort these animals, because there is not enough none.A majority of the time, money is taxed to the average working person when they had nothing to do with it. LADY suggested that the money should come from the hoarders instead of hard working citizens.. The final strategy, which falls in line wit the first strategy, would be that laws are applied very seriously to situations like HTH There will be sentencing given towards animal hoarders that try to repeat criminal acts. LADY is working hard to stop animal cruelty in society. First time offenders of animal hoarding will be prosecuted according to LADY First Strike and You're Out La.In this essay, many sources were stated to inform readers about animal abandonment and cruelty. Many organizations and facilities are doing everythin g possible to decrease violence towards animals around the world. Has the world ma an improvement? Can society clap for them because of a Job â€Å"well done† ? NO! I choose this topic because this is a worldwide issue and it should be discussed moor to make change in the future. Animals throughout the world will continue to experience these situations for a long time, but it is so much that people can do. Animals will still be neglected, mistreated and devalued as living, breathing ratters.This worldwide issue needs to stop and it is up to the people to take a stand. Communities have to be willing to give animals Voices' and help them survive We may have thousands of organizations around the world trying very hard to stop animal cruelty but people need to take initiative in their surroundings; people must realize the criminal act and severity of animal abandonment and its reproductions. Slowly many organizations along with individual communities are creating awareness around animal cruelty, however, somewhere in each community there is a lonely animal roaming ten streets omen snouts report tans to Nell ten Animal.

Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Essay Example

Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Essay Example Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Paper Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Paper Literature review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Introduction Staffing is one of the main functions on Human Resource Management, refer to International Human Resource Management perspective, staffing will be more important on the managing by the headquartered company to their subsidiaries in order to gain more competitive advantage for them. As a company want to achieve the mind of globalization, they must choose a suitable staffing approach in order to doing business successfully not only in the domestic also in the international environment. Maral Muratbekova-Touron (2008) stated that â€Å"One of the main issues facing the development of the global companies has always been to find the right balance between the local autonomy between subsidiaries and the control of the corporate headquarters. †, it related to how the company recruit and select their staffs in their subsidiaries. In the present paper will concentrate on the international staffing approaches in global companies, and there has four different approaches to managing and staffing their international subsidiaries. The following literature reviews will attempt to explain that four approaches and point out what is the advantage and disadvantage of each approach in the internationalization process of the company. Approaches to Managing and Staffing Global Subsidiaries In research text book by Ball, et al. (2008), it was explained these four approaches in detail, they are Ethnocentric approach, Polycentric approach, Geocentric approach and Regiocentric Approach. Ethnocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the Parent-country nationals (PCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employee are the citizen of the nation in the parent company; Polycentric approach is related to employing and promoting the Host-country nationals (HCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employees are the citizen of the nation in the operating subsidiaries; Geocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees base on their ability and experience, this approach can refer the ompany select the best person for the job without any consideration of the citizenship; and Regiocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees which they are the citizen on the basis of the specific region in the operating subsidiaries, it can be HCNs or Third-country nationals (TCNs) which the employees are the citizen of neither the parent company nation nor the host country. Ball, et al. 2008) Ethnocentric ap proach refer to the staffing policy base on the PCNs, therefore the clear advantages come up immediately for the headquarters are the communication and control, the PCNs are familiar the policies and practices or working-style of the headquarters, or the PCN staff was training in the headquarters already. (Ball, et al. 2008) As Kathy Monks, et al. 2001) stated â€Å"In the very early stages of internationalization, the staffing policies of the majority were largely ethnocentric in character, an approach which is relatively common at this stage in the internationalization process where a company is setting up a new business process or product in another country, and knowledge of the company’s culture and reporting systems is considered essential†, it shows the Ethnocentric approach are common at the early stage of internationalization process in the multinational or transnational companies, because the controlling and communicating is very important at that stage, therefore, the companies would like to employ the PCNs in order to fully control their subsidiaries at the early stage of internationalization process. Another reason also make Ethnocentric approach are common at the internationalization process is the cost of the company. As Brewster (1988, pg. 18 ) noted, â€Å"Despite the impor tance of expatriate positions, the high costs associated with expatriation and the extensive and largely non-productive â€Å"running-in† periods, it is still the case that most organizations provide no formal training for expatriation†. Overall Ethnocentric approach implies a centralized system with authority high at headquarters with much communication in the form of orders, commands, and advice. Standards for evaluation and control will also be determined centrally and with low pressures for cost reduction and low pressure for local (subsidiary) responsiveness. But the disadvantages of Ethnocentric approach such as the PCNs have language barriers or they have different culture background with the local (subsidiary) customer, it may result a high cost training in long term or the PCNs may not familiar the positions or demands of the local (subsidiary) marketplace. (Ball, et al. 2008; Norma D’Annunzio-Green, 1997) Polycentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the HCNs, as Christoph Dorrenbacher, et al. (2010) stated â€Å"HCNs on the other hand are seen as basically having a local (subsidiary) orientation, due to their socialization in the host country and their familiarity with the social, political and economic environment of the host country† It can show Polycentric approach provide a high level of local responsiveness in the subsidiaries. It can be prove by another research article, Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"Polycentric approach implies a widely dispersed authority, little communication between headquarters and subsidiary, and standards for evaluation and control mostly determined locally. There for the less control and order from the headquarters to the subsidiary will be made, the subsidiary also start to be independent in their local area, that mean the company start to doing well and the business is stable in the local (subsidiary) area. The Polycentric approach also has other advantages such as reduce the cost of the local (subsidiary) training programs, and the headquarters will get more information or hints of the local (subsidiary) market development or competition. But according to the non-close relationships between the headquarters and subsidiaries, the subsidiaries are often unfamiliar with the headquarters’ corporate culture, policies and practices. (Ball, et al. 2008) Geocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the ability of the staffs, no matter where are they come from, Banai (1999) stated †The geocentric staffing policy seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization regardless of their nationality† And Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"The geocentric ideal involves more integration between centre and subsidiaries to ensure close co-operation between the different parts of the organization, and implementing both universal and local standards for evaluation and control. †It point out the Geocentric approach can bring a lots of different experience and different corporation practices rom the staffs, through these different experience and corporation, the firm can has a better performance in the international co-operation of the company and it also facilitates the development of an international team, and the international team can fully managing the local subsidiary, and they ca n managing the other subsidiary in different area. But Geocentric approach may cost more (both on money and time) on the training or other issue such as working permit. (Ball, et al. 2008) Timothy Dean Keeley (2001) gave a very good conclusion of the Geocentric approach, he noted â€Å"Geocentric firms seek to co-ordinate decision-making among the subsidiaries and headquarters. The organization is balanced between centralized and decentralized in order to effectively and efficiently employ all types of resources on a global basis. † Therefore the subsidiary can be considered as more independent in the international market which managing by the international team. Regiocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the region of the subsidiaries, it is without consideration of the nations of citizenship. Therefore it can be HCNs or TCNs and it has similar function of the Geocentric approach. Farrokh Safavi (1991) stated â€Å"A regiocentric orientation has assumed that management development needs within a geographic region are sufficiently similar for application of a unified approach, but different from the needs of other regions. † And the Ball, et al. (2008) point out a disadvantage of the regiocentric, he stated â€Å"The disadvantages often encountered when using employees from the home or host country can sometimes be avoided by sending third country nationals (TCNs) to fill management posts. In the International Human Resource Management, Regiocentric approach is slightly similar with the Geocentric approach, but the Regiocentric approach is limit to consider on the local region and the Geocentric approach is more consider on the global basis. Conclusion Overall the literature reviews above, the different staffing approach was give different effect in the internationalization process of the company, but we can find out, the different approach can apply in the different stage of the company. The Ethnocentric approach refer to the early stage of the internationalization process, because during the early stage, the company need a fully control of the subsidiaries, and they need the subsidiaries fully achieve the order from the headquarters, therefore, the ethnocentric approach will suitable in the early stage of the internationalization process. After the early stage, the company want to increase the competitive advantage of the subsidiaries, therefore, the polycentric approach can increase the local responsiveness and they need to have better knowledge of the local marketplace, so the polycentric approach will suitable in this middle stage; In the finally stage, the company want to have both function from the ethnocentric approach and the polycentric, they need to complete the internationalization process in order to become a global company, therefore the geocentric approach and regiocentric approach will apply in this stage, it can help to company to develop an international team to manage all the subsidiaries of the company. It can prove by James Kelly, as she stated in the article â€Å"companies become more international they usually develop from ethnocentric to polycentric and finally geocentric or regiocentric staffing and development policy†. Therefore the geocentric and Regiocentric can be consider as a expan sion of the polycentric approach.

Why Dickens Wrote A Christmas Carol

Why Dickens Wrote A Christmas Carol A  Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is one of the most beloved works of 19th century literature, and the storys enormous popularity helped make Christmas a major holiday in Victorian Britain. When Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in late 1843, he had ambitious purposes in mind, yet he could never have imagined the profound impact his story would have. Dickens had already achieved great fame, yet his most recent novel wasnt selling well and he feared his success had peaked. Indeed, he faced some serious financial problems as Christmas 1843 approached. Beyond his own worries, Dickens was keenly attuned to the profound misery of the working poor in England. A visit to the grimy industrial city of Manchester motivated him to tell the story of a greedy businessman, Ebenezer Scrooge, who would be transformed by the Christmas spirit. Dickens rushed A Christmas Carol into print by Christmas 1843, and it became a phenomenon. The Impact of 'A Christmas Carol' The book was immediately popular with the public, becoming perhaps the most famous literary work associated with Christmas. It elevated the popularity of Christmas, which wasnt the major holiday we know, and established the idea of Christmas charity toward those less fortunate.Dickens intended the story as a strong condemnation of greed, and the transformation of Ebenezer Scrooge provided a popular optimistic message.Scrooge became one of the most famous characters in literature.Dickens himself became associated with Christmas in the public mind.A Christmas Carol was transformed into stage plays and later films and television productions. Career Crisis Dickens had achieved popularity with his first novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, which was serialized from mid-1836 to late 1837. Known today as The Pickwick Papers, the novel was filled with comic characters the British public found charming. In the following years Dickens wrote more novels: 1838: Oliver Twist1839: Nicholas Nickleby1841: The Old Curiosity Shop1841: Barnaby Rudge Dickens reached literary superstar status with The Old Curiosity Shop, as readers on both sides of the Atlantic became obsessed with Little Nell. An enduring legend is that New Yorkers eager for the next installment would stand on the dock and yell out to passengers on incoming British packet liners, asking if Little Nell was still alive. Preceded by his fame, Dickens visited America for several months in 1842. He didnt much enjoy his visit, and he put his negative observations into a book, American Notes, which alienated many American fans. Dickens was offended by American manners (or lack thereof), and he restricted his visit to the North, as he was so offended by slavery that he wouldnt venture into the South beyond a foray into Virginia. He paid attention to working conditions, visiting mills and factories. In New York, New York, he exhibited his keen interest in the poorer classes by visiting Five Points, a notorious slum neighborhood. Back in England, he began writing a new novel, Martin Chuzzlewit. Despite his earlier success, Dickens found himself owing money to his publisher, and his new novel was not selling well as a serial. Fearful that his career was declining, Dickens desperately wanted to write something that would be very popular with the public. A Form of Protest Beyond his personal reasons for writing A Christmas Carol, Dickens felt a strong need to comment on the enormous gap between the rich and poor in Victorian Britain. On the night of Oct. 5, 1843, Dickens gave a speech in Manchester, England, at a benefit for the Manchester Athenaeum, an organization that brought education and culture to the working masses. Dickens, who was 31 at the time, shared the stage with Benjamin Disraeli, a novelist who would later become Britains prime minister. Addressing the working-class residents of Manchester affected Dickens deeply. Following his speech he took a long walk, and while thinking of the plight of exploited child workers he conceived the idea for A Christmas Carol. Returning to London, Dickens took more walks late at night, working out the story in his head. The miser Ebenezer Scrooge would be visited by the ghost of his former business partner, Marley, and also the Ghosts of Christmases Past, Present, and Yet to Come. Finally seeing the error of his greedy ways, Scrooge would celebrate Christmas and give a raise to the employee he had been exploiting, Bob Cratchit. Dickens wanted the book to be available by Christmas. He wrote it with astonishing speed, finishing it in six weeks while also continuing to write installments of Martin Chuzzlewit. Countless Readers Touched When the book appeared, just before Christmas, it was immediately popular with the reading public as well as with critics. British author William Makepeace Thackeray, who later rivaled Dickens as a writer of Victorian novels, wrote that A Christmas Carol was a national benefit, and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The story of Scrooges redemption touched readers deeply, and the message Dickens wanted to convey of concern for those less fortunate struck a deep chord. The Christmas holiday began to be seen as a time for family celebrations and charitable giving. There is little doubt that Dickens story and its widespread popularity helped Christmas become established as a major holiday in Victorian Britain. Popularity Has Lasted A Christmas Carol has never gone out of print. Before the decade ended, it was adapted for the stage, and Dickens performed public readings from it. On Dec. 10, 1867, The New York Times published a glowing review of a reading of A Christmas Carol Dickens had delivered at Steinway Hall in New York City: When he came to the introduction of characters and to dialogue, the reading changed to acting, and Mr. Dickens here showed a remarkable and peculiar power. Old Scrooge seemed present; every muscle of his face, and every tone of his harsh and domineering voice revealed his character. Dickens died in 1870, but  A Christmas Carol lived on. Stage plays based on it were produced for decades, and eventually films and television productions kept the story of Scrooge alive. Scrooge, described as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone at the beginning of the tale, famously snapped Bah! Humbug! at a nephew who wished him a merry Christmas. Near the end of the story, Dickens wrote of Scrooge: It was always said of him, that he knew how to keep Christmas well, if any man alive possessed the knowledge.

Services in Your Area Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Services in Your Area - Assignment Example This is used as a dial up service to access the internet but in this case it’s faster. Unlike other dial up internet connection, the telephone line is not tied up during the process of internet connection. DSL internet utilizes a modem which links the computer to the internet by converting computer’s digital signals into voltage bits that are transmitted along the copper wire into a central hub. Basically, the hub routes requests and responds between the internet and the client computer. In California, DSL internet connection is the most preferred among the internet services subscribers. This service is provided by Verizon which is one of the largest DSL internet providers in United States. Cable modem, just like DSL modem, provides a high speed internet connection. Its functionality is by facilitating transfer of data from the cable service provider to a cable modem. The information is sent by utilizing specific Channels. The signal is captured and brought to a computer which eventually facilitates the user to access the internet. Cable service internet providers supply a high speed connection which as fast as cable TV connection (Next Wave, 2012). This kind of service is provided by Comcast cable in California. This is the major ISP for this service in California. When the two internet connections are compared in terms of speed, cable modem internet connection is on average, higher on speed than DSL modem. Cable modem runs faster than DSL modem in terms of theoretical peak performance. The cable technology is designed to run up to approximately 30 megabytes per second while on the contrary, DSL modem has inability of reaching a maximum of 10 megabytes per second. Despite the fast speed of cable modem, this advantage can be eliminated technically. Only one type of DSL technology has been designed to reach a speed of up to 30 megabytes per second and this is VDSL. I practice advantage of cable’s sped over

Hobsons choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hobsons choice - Essay Example Such interaction will help to uncover more evidence that can help with the eventual prosecution of Peter. Jim has joined the FBI of his own volition. He would have had an opportunity to request some other task, if he had any reservations about working undercover with a stockbroker suspected of illegal trading. Stockbrokers who plan to cheat their customers would choose gullible lay people such as elderly women as potential victims. Jim could not expect that Peter would select highly qualified accountants or experienced bankers or successful investors as possible targets. The situation in which Jim finds himself is entirely within the limits of what a person in his position could anticipate in advance (Pollock, 2003, p 150). Each vocation has certain conditions within which professionals are expected to act. An FBI agent is trained to deal with people of questionable morals and with situations in which members of the public are in danger of some commercial loss. Jim would have been trained by the FBI to work under cover. The latter has the fundamental aim of witnessing and recording a criminal transaction with the objective of collecting conclusive evidence. The task assigned to Jim must have the principle objective of collecting evidence that can be produced before a jury in a court of law. Jim's action in the situation under review is to act on behalf of his employers the FBI, and to do everything that can reasonably be expected of him, to further the aims of his employers. Jim is obligated to fulfill the task given to him by his superior officers in the FBI. Jim would have a binding contract of employment that enjoins him to discharge his given responsibilities and tasks. The principle for any person working under cover for a law enforcement agency of the government is that he or she must strive to collect incriminating evidence against the person under surveillance-Peter in this specific example. Supporting arguments The FBI has adequate resources and contacts with stock market authorities and financial institutions to ensure that people cheated by stockbrokers under suspicion are protected from permanent and major harm. The situation that Jim finds himself in with respect to Peter and the women would not be without precedent with respect to the FBI's operating procedures. Agents such as Jim would have systems of both periodic and emergency contacts with support staff and with people to who they are responsible within the organization. Jim would probably have real-time audio contact with the FBI, given the conventional state of electronic surveillance technology. It is therefore unlikely that the woman chosen by Jim to appease Peter as far as selecting a victim is concerned, would come to any permanent material harm (Pollock, 2003, p 197). The choice before Jim to ask Peter to cheat all the women is more likely to arouse the criminal stock broker's doubts that Jim perhaps represents a law enforcement agency, and make Peter take guard. The damage to the victims would also be greater in this alternative, albeit it might only be transient, based on the arguments presented earlier. Therefore, it is better to select one victim, than to ask Peter to cheat all the women. Since Peter has given substance to the FBI's suspicions of his intentions, and since Jim is only a new friend, the alternative of